Spanish Civil War

- Episode 05 -

Innocent Victims on both sides

It's always civilians who suffer most in war
13 December 2023
All History Café links
Innocent victims on both sides
Gabriel García Lorca, poet, playwright and theatre director,

Innocent victim, 38, brutally murdered for his leftwing beliefs

Jon and I walked in early November up in the mountains north of Granada, Spain, where the young poet, playwright and theatre director Gabriel Garcia Lorca was shot in August 1936 by the Nationalist (‘right’) government. There’s a beautiful memorial garden near Viznar ‘marking the spot’ and the young, good-looking Lorca’s become a sort of poster-boy for a host of ‘leftist’ victims.

The monarchist Nationalists had launched a coup against the legitimate leftwing government. A scenario that could plausibly have followed in the UK had Jeremy Corbyn been elected prime minister. 

The 'right' viewed the Civil War they deliberately unleashed as a holy war against a ‘Judeo-Masonic-Bolshevist’ conspiracy that had somehow produced a Republican government of moderate socialists and democrats (plus a few radicals).

The ‘leftwing’ government and its supporters, the grass roots, responded violently to the attempted coup.

In the end there was undoubtedly massive violence on both sides. About 300,000 innocent civilians died, and about 200,000 soldiers (from both sides). Republican women were often killed in revenge when their husbands, brothers, fathers had gone into hiding in the hills. Once Franco had won there were mass executions (100,000) and scores settled. More than 500,000 individuals were rounded up and sent to about 60 concentration camps.

Punishment was still being meted out to Republicans in hiding in the 1960s.

Go see The House of Bernarda Alba by Lorca at the National Theatre, London - and see why Lorca may have been regarded as an enemy by the right who sought to control women.

 

View from where Lorca was shot, taken from his house in Granada 21km away
 

There are parallels everywhere one looks at the moment

Due to our personal politics, our natural sympathies have always been with the leftists. They mostly weren’t communists or anarchists, they mainly were workers fighting for their rights to justice, representation and an end to ‘feudalism’ represented by the propertied establishment and Catholic Church.

But of course we abhor all the killing on either side and this week something pulled on our heart strings from a different direction. It was a scarf with three names on: Carmen, Rosa and Magdalena. A present from new friends in the inclusive, ecumenical Immaculate Heart Community in Los Angeles who work to stand with the marginalized, resist injustice and protect the planet. Everything we support.

Carmen, Rosa and Magdalena Fradera, aged 41, 36 and 34 became innocent victims of the Spanish Civil War because of their connection with the Catholic Church. They were nuns from the Most Holy and Immaculate Heart of Mary community of Gerona (Barcelona) the ‘Mother-house’ of my friends in Los Angeles. 

As the persecution of Catholic clergy in areas held by Republicans took off – known as the ‘Red Terror’ – the three sister nuns were sent home by their convent in July 1936 and told to remain ‘incognito’. Anyone who’s ever lived in a Spanish village knows what a far-fetched idea that is! They hadn’t been home more than a couple of months before armed ‘Rojo’ (‘Red’) soldiers came knocking on the family door, apparently to ask for donations for the war effort.

Well, the three Sisters knew what was likely to happen next and refused to run away. They told their family: "If they come for us, we embrace it; we are willing to die for Christ." Two days later the militia arrived just before dawn. And despite the pleas for mercy from their family the three nuns were taken away and brutally abused and then murdered in an oak forest. There are parallels everywhere one looks at the moment.

 

More civilians than soldiers are killed in war

Nuns being detained by Republican militia

Innocent victims Carmen (41), Rosa (36) and Magdalena (34), brutally murdered for their beliefs
      


The ‘Red Terror’ has been called one of the most extensive and violent persecution of Catholicism in Western History. Numbers of clergy killed comprise 13 bishops, 4,172 diocesan priests and seminarians, 2,364 monks and friars and 283 nuns.

Now the Catholic Church has a tradition of the pope ‘deciding’ whether someone who died for their faith is now in Heaven. (Miracles and other tests are required which we won’t go into.) Suffice it to say that the scarf I was sent from Los Angeles was produced as a reminder of the fact that Pope Benedict XVI in October 2007 decided that 498 people, killed in the Spanish Civil War because they were Catholics, were on their way to being saints, and that Carmen, Rosa and Magdalena were among them. The term is beatified.

To date 1253 Catholics killed by the left in the Spanish Civil War have been beatified by three popes including Francis. The scandal is that while much of Republican Spain was (I would say understandably) anti-clerical, the Basque region which also supported the Republic, was not.
Their clergy stood against the Nationalist coup, and suffered accordingly. At least 16 Basque priests were killed by the Nationalists, and hundreds more were imprisoned or deported. This included several priests who tried to halt the killings. Not one of these has been recognised by the Vatican.

Manuel Montero, lecturer, University of the Basque Country, puts it this way:

'The Church, which upheld the idea of a 'National Crusade’ in order to legitimize the military rebellion [coup], was a belligerent part during the Civil War... It continues in a belligerent role… The priests executed by Franco's Army are not counted among them [the beatified]... The priests who were victims of the Republicans are “martyrs who died forgiving", but those priests who were executed by the Francoists are forgotten.'

 

The Francoists targeted pregnant Republican women, luring them to give birth safely in private hospitals, and stealing the babies. This began as an attempt at ideological cleansing but became a money maker.

The rightwing Francoists and the Catholic Church saw eye to eye on the need to control women 

Francoists opposed divorce. Their propaganda cartoons show Republican women marrying rich men then running off with their money and marrying their peasant lovers. After Franco's victory Republican women were publicly humiliated by having their heads shaved.

Amongst the followers of Franco were Falangists who placed especial importance on Spain's identity as Roman Catholic.  You might enjoy their 17 'must-not-forget principles' for a married woman. The words in [brackets] are mine!

[Care for your Man not yourself] Meal ready when he gets home. Offer to take off his shoes. Light a fire. Have a hot or cold drink ready for him.

[Present yourself as an object] Look good (makeup, ribbon in your hair?). Encourage your husband to pursue his hobbies and interests and be supportive without being overly pushy. If you have a hobby of your own, try not to bore him with it.

[Present yourself as a servant] Speak in a low, relaxed and pleasant tone. Minimise noise. Smile to show your desire to please. Listen. Let him speak first - his topics of conversation are more important than yours.

[Present yourself as a domestic slave ] Don't ask him to explain his actions or question his judgement or integrity. Remember that he is the master of the house. Never complain if he is late, or if he goes out to dinner or other entertainment without you. 

At the end of the evening, clean up the house. [Clearly too late for sex - or was that earlier by the fire when he came home?] 

The rightwing approach to women after the Civil War sounds chillingly like Opus Dei: have lots of sex to have lots of children but don't talk about it.
 
View All Episodes
Twitter
Facebook
Website
Spotify
Email
Copyright © 2024 History Cafe, All rights reserved.